argument: discussion, conversation (not a disagreement)

Nature's naturall: a stupid person, fool

peradventure: perhaps

whetstone: stone for sharpening knives

Clowne: The role of Touchstone was a big change in the typical clown or fool roles that Shakespeare wrote. It is believed that Touchstone was played by Robert Armin, who took over playing the clown characters from William Kempe, who was a part of Shakespeare's company, the Chamberlain's Men, from 1594 to 1599. Kempe's clowns were known for comic jigs, bawdy tales and satirical songs. When Robert Armin took his place in 1599, he introduced the court clown characters which were more intellectual fools who were more philosophical and would contribute to the forward movement of the plot. Armin was known for his witty repartee and critical comment on social superiors, and he often improvised satirical lines directed at members of the audience as well. Touchstone is the first of Armin's roles in Shakespeare's plays and we can see the exciting development in the character trope.

messenger?" "No by mine honor,": because the word messenger was commonly used to mean pursuivant, which was a junior officer who would at times serve as messenger but could also make arrests, Touchstone is acting as though Celia has asked if he has come to arrest her. He will frequently do this, mock and play on the double meaning of other people's language.